Spatial dynamics of active microeukaryotes along a latitudinal gradient: Diversity, assembly process, and co-occurrence relationships

Abstract

Recent global warming is profoundly and increasingly influencing the Arctic ecosystem. Understanding how microeukaryote communities respond to changes in the Arctic Ocean is crucial for understanding their roles in the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and elements. Between July 22 and August 19, 2016, during cruise ARA07, seawater samples were collected along a latitudinal transect extending from the East Sea of Korea to the central Arctic Ocean. Environmental RNA was extracted and the V4 hypervariable regions of the reverse tran- scribed SSU rRNA were amplified. The sequences generated by high throughput sequencing were clustered into zero-radius OTUs (ZOTUs), and the taxonomic identities of each ZOTU were assigned using SINTAX against the PR2 database. Thus, the diversity, community composition, and co-occurrence networks of size fractionated microeukaryotes were revealed. The present study found: 1) the alpha diversity of pico- and nano-sized microeukaryotes showed a latitudinal diversity gradient; 2) three distinct communities were identified, i.e., the Leg-A, Leg-B surface, and Leg-B subsurface chlorophyll a maximum (SCM) groups; 3) distinct network structure and composition were found in the three groups; and 4) water temperature was identified as the pri- mary factor driving both the alpha and beta diversities of microeukaryotes. This study conducted a compre- hensive and systematic survey of active microeukaryotes along a latitudinal gradient, elucidated the diversity, community composition, co-occurrence relationships, and community assembly processes among major micro- eukaryote assemblages, and will help shed more light on our understanding of the responses of microeukaryote communities to the changing Arctic Ocean.