Muscle extracts from Antarctic fishes Trematomus bernacchii and T. Newnesi enhance myofiber regeneration and muscle function through mTOR signaling

Abstract

Muscle regeneration and functional restoration are crucial for patients with sarcopenia. Antarctic fish, which are well -adapted to extreme conditions, offer potential pharmacotherapeutic insights. Our study assessed muscle extracts from Trematomus bernacchii (TB) and T. newnesi (TN) in a BaCl 2 -muscle injury mouse model. TB and TN extracts notably enhanced myofiber formation during muscle regeneration, showing potent proregenerative properties. Grip strength restoration was significantly improved, accompanied by increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 -alpha and mitochondrial content, which are vital for post -injury recovery. The activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin and insulin -like growth factor 2 muscle enhancer activity underpinned these effects. Ultra -performance liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry and Global Natural Product Social analysis annotated taurocholic acid and its derivatives, along with denatorium, as bioactive substances that contribute to muscle enhancement. These findings have implications for therapeutic development for muscle regeneration and functional recovery in patients with musculoskeletal injuries and sarcopenia.