Evolution and geographical distribution of lichens in the Antarctic

Abstract

Distribution of lichens in Antarctic regions was investigated by phylogenetic analysis of lichen species of the genera Pseudephebe, Umbilicaria, and Usnea. The lichen species were collected from "Leningradskaya", and "Russkaya" Stations, Lindsey Island, Mt. Moses, Maish Nunatak and King George Island. From the phylogenetic tree of Pseudephebe, Umbilicaria, and Usnea based on combined sequences of ITS and 28S rDNA, geographical isolation of lichen species in Pacific coast of continental Antarctic was not evident. Instead, samples from long distance were clustered together and contained rDNA sequences of high similarity, implying that lichen species can be easily transferred and widely distributed in Pacific coast of continental Antarctic. Particularly, Usnea species with close phylogenetic relationships showed variation in intron possession pattern, implying that introns are easily lost or obtained. However, sequences of introns were generally well conserved in the same phylogenetic lineages. Sharing of same type of intron by lichens from different geographical origin supported the hypothesis of easy geographical distribution of lichen species in Antarctic continent.