Antimicrobial Peptides Targeting Oral Pathogens: Applicability as an Oral Disease Treatment and Dental Material

Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small, naturally occurring molecules that are integral components of the innate immune system across many organisms. In humans, saliva is rich in various AMPs that play a pivotal role in maintaining oral health by serving as the primary line of defense in the oral cavity. These peptides are essential for protection against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. Recently, active research has been conducted on both naturally occurring AMPs and modified or synthetic AMPs for the treatment of oral pathogens and their application in dental materials. Methods: We compiled previous studies on AMPs present in saliva and their target oral microorganisms. Additionally, we summarized research on artificially created AMPs targeting oral pathogens. Furthermore, we analyzed recent trends in applied studies, such as the development of oral rinses, toothpaste, and implant coatings using AMPs. Results: Through a literature review, we identified 19 studies on AMPs present in the oral cavity and 40 studies testing AMPs derived from other organisms or synthetically engineered against oral pathogens. Additionally, we reviewed seven studies on the development of implant coatings and oral hygiene material additives using AMPs. These findings suggest the potential for discovering or developing AMPs with activity against specific oral pathogens that can be applied to improve oral health. Conclusion: AMPs exhibit broad antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogens. Their mechanisms of action primarily involve attacking and disrupting the cell membranes of target microorganisms, making them effective against various pathogens. AMPs have the potential for use as coating materials for dental implants or restorative materials that require long-term use. Further research is needed to investigate the cytotoxicity, durability, and stability of AMPs in the oral environment to support their clinical use in dentistry.